英語形容詞長句子合集200句
英語長句子欣賞
篇一:英語長句子
【第1句】: Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.
【第1句】:美洲羚羊,或稱叉角羚,是該大陸典型的草原動物。
【第2句】: Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
【第2句】: 1986年看見哈雷慧星的千百萬人當中,有多少人能夠長壽到足以目睹它在二十一世紀的回歸呢?
【第3句】: Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
【第3句】:人類學家們已經發現,恐懼,快樂,悲傷和驚奇都會行之于色,這在全人類是共通的。
【第4句】: Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
【第4句】:由于苯酚對人體帶有刺激性作用,它基本上已不再被當作常用的防腐劑了。
【第5句】: In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
【第5句】:任何盈利組織若要生存,最終都必須生產出消費者可用或需要的產品。
【第6句】: The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
【第6句】:一個地方的人口越多,其對水,交通和垃圾處理的需求就會越大。
【第7句】: It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
【第7句】:簡明,直接,有力的寫作難于花哨,含混而意義模糊的表達。
【第8句】: With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
【第8句】:隨著現代辦公室的日益自動化,設計師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴肅的內部裝飾來使其具有親切感。
【第9句】: The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
【第9句】:誹謗和流言的區別在于前者是書面的,而后者是口頭的。
【第10句】: The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
【第10句】:膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿脛的連接處。
【第11句】: Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharp taste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
【第11句】:酸是一種化合物,它在溶于水時具有強烈的氣味和對金屬的腐蝕性,并且能夠使某些藍色植物染料變紅。
【第12句】: Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
【第12句】: Billie Holiday’s作為一個爵士布魯斯樂杰出歌手的名聲建立在能夠賦予歌曲感情深度的能力。
【第13句】: Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
【第13句】:理論在本質上是對認識了的現實的一種抽象和符號化的表達。
【第14句】: Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
【第14句】:兒童在能說或能聽懂語言之前,很久就會通過面部表情和靠發出噪聲來與人交流了。
【第15句】: Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
【第15句】:受當代灌溉(技術設施)之賜,農作物在原來只有仙人掌和蕎屬科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生長。
【第16句】: The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
【第16句】:機械計時器的發展促使人們尋求更精確的日晷,以便校準機械計時器。
【第17句】: Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.
【第17句】:人類學是一門科學,因為人類學家采用一整套強有力的方法和技術來記錄觀測結果,而這樣記錄下來的觀測結果是供他人核查的。
【第18句】: Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
【第18句】:真菌在腐化過程中十分重要,而腐化過程將化學物質回饋于土壤,提高其肥力,并分解動物糞便。
【第19句】: When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
【第19句】:音叉被敲擊時,產生幾乎純質的音調,其音量經久不衰。
【第20句】: Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
【第20句】:雖然美洲山河桃樹最集中于美國的東南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利諾州也能看見它們。
【第21句】: Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.
【第21句】:用怪罪別人的辦法來解決問題通常被稱為尋找替罪羊。
【第22句】: The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
【第22句】:一個國家的主要食物是什么,大體取決于什么作物在其天氣和土壤條件下生長得最好。
【第23句】: Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
【第23句】:在大量的實驗中,某一事件發生的幾率等于它不發生的幾率。
【第24句】: Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
【第24句】:大多數物質遇冷收縮,所以他們的密度在固態時高于液態。
【第25句】: The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
【第25句】:大腦細胞儲存記憶的機理并不為人明白。
【第26句】: By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
【第26句】:到了二十一世紀中葉,美國畫家和雕塑家開始在世界范圍內對藝術產生重大影響。
【第27句】: In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.
【第27句】:伊麗莎白市,一個重要的航運和制造業中心,坐落于新澤西州的東部。
【第28句】: Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary, an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
【第28句】: Elizabeth Blackwell,美國第一個女醫生,創建了員工一直為女性紐約診所。
【第29句】: Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
【第29句】: Alexander Graham Bell曾告訴家人,他更愿意讓后人記住他是聾子的老師,而非電話的發明者。
【第30句】: Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.
【第30句】:采摘下的迷迭香樹葉常綠不衰,因此人們把迷迭香樹與懷念聯系在一起。
【第31句】: Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.
【第31句】:骨頭看起來是脆硬的,但它也有一定的彈性,使得骨骼能夠承受相當的打擊。
【第32句】: That xenon could not FORM chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
【第32句】:科學家曾相信:氙氣是不能形成化合物的。
【第33句】: Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of
life. 【第33句】:對風暴動力學的研究是為了提高風暴預測從而減少損失,避免人員傷亡。
【第34句】: The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed. 【第34句】:消除通貨膨脹應確保還貸的錢應與所貸款的價值相同。
【第35句】: Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.
【第35句】:未來主義,二十世紀早期的一個藝術思潮。拒絕一切傳統,試圖通過強調機械和動態來美化生活。
【第36句】: One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.
【第36句】: Everglades是美國境內最為荒涼和人跡罕至的地區之一,此處有大量的野生動植物而且大多受(法律)保護。
【第37句】: Lucretia Mott’s influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States.
【第37句】: Lucretia Mott’s的影響巨大,所以一些權威部門認定她為美國女權運動的創始人。
【第38句】: The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.
【第38句】:國際市場研究者的活動范圍常常較國內市場研究者廣闊。
【第39句】: The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.
【第39句】:大陸分水嶺是指北美洛磯山脈上的一道想象線,該線把大西洋流域和太平洋流域區分開來。
【第40句】: Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.
【第40句】:對地球引力的研究表明,在不尋常的負荷之下地殼和地幔會發生位移。
【第41句】: The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than that of its mining and farming combined.
【第41句】:尤它州制造業的年產值大于其工業和農業的總和。
【第42句】: The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.
【第42句】:墻花之所以叫墻花,是因為其脆弱的枝干經常要靠墻壁或順石崖生長,以便有所依附。
【第43句】: It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.
【第43句】:社會心理學的主要焦點是人與人之間的交往,而不是他們各自生活中的事件。
【第44句】: No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
【第44句】:給美國的新移民增加教育設施比任何社會運動都更多的激發了Elizabeth Williams的熱情。
【第45句】: Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.
【第45句】:典型的鵪鶉都長有短而圓的翅膀,憑此他們可以在受驚時一躍而起,飛離它們的躲藏地。
【第46句】: According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
【第46句】:根據人類學家的說法,直立行走的人的鼻祖面部輪廓與黑猩猩相似,額頭后傾,眉毛突出。
【第47句】: Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
【第47句】:直到1866年第一條橫跨大西洋的電纜才完全成功的架通。
【第48句】: In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
【第48句】: John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他認為是由科學技術給社會帶來的精神貧困。
【第49句】: Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.
【第49句】:父母的教導如果堅定,始終如一和理性,孩子就有可能充滿自信。
篇二:英語長句子翻譯技巧
對于每一個英語句子的翻譯, 并不只是使用一種翻譯方法, 而是多種翻譯方法的綜合運用, 這在英語長句的翻譯中表現得尤為突出。長句在科技性的文體中的出現極為頻繁, 因此也就成為研究生入學考試的重點, 通過對近年來試題的分析我們可以看出, 所考查的絕大多數劃線的部分都是長句。在翻譯長句時, 首先,不要因為句子太長而產生畏懼心理,因為,無論是多么復雜的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語原文的句法結構, 找出整個句子的中心內容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關系, 再按照漢語的特點和表達方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。 英語長句的分析
一般來說, 造成長句的原因有三方面:
(1) 修飾語過多;
(2) 并列成分多;
(3) 語言結構層次多。
在分析長句時可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語, 從整體上把握句子的結構。
(2) 找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。
(3) 分析從句和短語的功能, 例如, 是否為主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句等,若是狀語, 它是表示時間、原因、結果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4) 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關系, 例如, 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。
(5) 注意插入語等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配
英語習慣于用長的句子表達比較復雜的概念, 而漢語則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進行英譯漢時, 要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異, 將英語的長句分解, 翻譯成漢語的短句。在英語長句的翻譯過程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1) 順序法。當英語長句的內容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時, 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。
(2) 逆序法。英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯。
(3)分句法。有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密切, 翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣, 把長句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時需要適當增加詞語。
(4) 綜合法。上面我們講述了英語長句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實上,在翻譯一個英語長句時, 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細分析, 或按照時間的先后,或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結合, 主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。
篇三:英語長句子的翻譯
【第1句】:英語長句的分析
一般來說, 造成長句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語過多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語言結構層次多。在分析長句時可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的'主語、謂語和賓語, 從整體上把握句子的結構。
(2) 找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。
(3) 分析從句和短語的功能, 例如, 是否為主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句等,若是狀語, 它是表示時間、原因、結果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4) 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關系, 例如, 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。
(5) 注意插入語等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
下面我們結合一些實例來進行分析:
例【第1句】: Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 分析: (1) 該句的主語為behaviorists, 謂語為suggest, 賓語為一個從句, 因此整個句子為Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結構。
(2) 該句共有五個謂語結構, 它們的謂語動詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個謂語結構之間的關系為: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結構為主句; who is raised in an environment為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child; where there are many stimuli為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli; 在suggest的賓語從句中, 主語為child, 謂語為experience, 賓語為greater intellectual development. 在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會對該句具有了一個較為透徹的理解, 然后根據我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語為:
行為主義者認為, 如果兒童的成長環境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當反應能力的發展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會發展到較高的水平。
例【第2句】: For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. (85年考題)
分析: (1) 該句的骨干結構為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else. 是一個比較結構, 而且是在兩個不定式之間進行比較。
(2) 該句中共有三個謂語結構, 它們之間的關系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結構, 但it是形式主語, 真正的主語為第二個謂語結構: to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個謂語結構to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。
(3) 句首的for a family of four作狀語, 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個介詞短語作插入語: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個介詞短語作伴隨狀語, 修飾to sit comfortably at home.
綜合上述翻譯方法,這個句子我們可以翻譯為:
譬如, 對于一個四口之家來說, 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數不清的娛樂節目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
【第2句】:長句的翻譯
英語習慣于用長的句子表達比較復雜的概念, 而漢語則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進行英譯漢時, 要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異, 將英語的長句分解, 翻譯成漢語的短句。在英語長句的翻譯過程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1) 順序法。當英語長句的內容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時, 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。例如:
例【第1句】: Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考題)
分析: 該句子由一個主句, 三個作伴隨狀語的現在分詞以及位于句首的時間狀語從句組成, 共有五層意思: A. 既使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉時; B.電仍在為我們工作;
C. 幫我們開動電冰箱; D. 加熱水; E. 或是室內空調機繼續運轉。上述五層意思的邏輯關系以及表達的順序與漢語完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過順序法, 把該句翻譯成:
即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉時, 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開動電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內空調機繼續運轉。
例【第2句】: But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考題)
分析: 該句的骨干結構為“It is realized that…”, it為形式主語, that引導著主語從句以及并列的it is even possible to …結構, 其中, 不定式作主語, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位語, 進一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語從句。五個謂語結構, 表達了四個層次的意義: A. 可是現在人們意識到; B. 其中有些礦物質的蘊藏量是有限的; C. 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質“可望存在多少年”; D. 將這些已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡的時間。根據同位語從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達作適當的調整, 整個句子就翻譯為:
可是現在人們意識到, 其中有些礦物質的蘊藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說, 經過若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡。
下面我們再列舉幾個實例: 例【第3句】: Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
在20世紀以前, 小說中的婦女像都是一個模式。她們沒有任何特點, 因而無法成為具有個性的人; 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統強加給他們的種種束縛。
例【第4句】: This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”
這種使用參照物的方法可以應用于許多種情況, 也能用來找到很不相同的各種問題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類一季的產量最高?”
例【第5句】: It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.
我們對歷史的愛好起源于我們最初僅對一些歷史上的宏偉場面和激動人心的事件感到
孩童般的興趣; 其后, 這種愛好變得成熟起來, 我們開始對歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復雜性, 對歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣; 對歷史的愛好, 最終以我們對人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結束。 對死去的, 無論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個地球上走過而已逝的人,都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。
例【第6句】: If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
如果做父母的對這種青少年的反應有所準備, 而且認為這是一個顯示出孩子正在成長, 正在發展珍貴的觀察力和獨立的判斷力的標志, 他們就不會感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會因對此有憤恨和反對的情緒而把孩子推到對立面去。
(2) 逆序法。英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯。例如:
例【第1句】: Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 這個句子由一個主句, 兩個原因狀語和一個定語從句, “鋁直到19世紀才被人發現”是主句, 也是全句的中心內容, 全句共有四個謂語結構, 共有五層意思: A. 鋁直到19世紀才被人發現; B. 由于在自然界找不到游離狀態的鋁; C. 由于它總是跟其他元素結合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧結合; E. 鋁跟氧有很強的親和力。按照漢語的表達習慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:
鋁總是跟其他元素結合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結合; 因為鋁跟氧有很強的親和力, 由于這個原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀才被人發現。
例【第2句】: It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
分析: 該句由一個主句, 一個條件狀語從句和一個賓語從句組成, “……變得越來越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內容, 全句共有三個謂語結構, 包含三層含義: A. ……變的越來越重要; B. 如果要使學生充分利用他們的機會; C. 得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導。為了使譯文符合漢語的表達習慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 翻譯成:
因此, 如果要使學生充分利用他們(上大學)的機會, 就得為他們提供大量關于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。
下面我們再舉幾個實例:
例【第3句】: It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
一旦了解英語的基本結構和句型, 再往下學似乎就越來越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學生更容易理解。
例【第4句】: They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.
對于以往幾代人來說, 舊式的體力勞動是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術的進步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動, 因此首先體驗到技術進步之害的是窮人。
例【第5句】:A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when
in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.
50年代后期的美國出現了一個任何人都不可能視而不見的現象, 窮知識分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態出現而成為美國典型的窮人, 正是這個時候大批大學生被趕進了知識分子的貧民窟。
例【第6句】: Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領工人的社會地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。
例【第7句】: Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
假如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動物保護我們, 昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。
(3)分句法。有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關系并不十分密切, 翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣, 把長句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時需要適當增加詞語。例如:
例【第1句】: The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.
上句在英語中是一個相對簡單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結構死譯, 就可能被翻譯成:
沒有閱讀能力的美國青年人的數目令人難以相信約為1/4。 這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語的表達習慣, 因此, 我們應該把它譯為: 大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力, 這簡直令人難以置信。 例【第2句】: Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考題)
分析: 在此長句中, 有一個插入語“it is often said”, 三個并列的謂語結構, 還有一個定語從句, 這三個并列的謂語結構盡管在結構上同屬于同一個句子,但都有獨立的意義, 因此在翻譯時, 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語的習慣把整個句子分解成幾個獨立的分句, 結果為: 人們常說, 通過電視可以了解時事, 掌握科學和政治的最新動態。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節目。
下面我們再舉一個例子:
例【第3句】: All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. (85年考題)
他們所必須做的只是按一下開關。開關一開, 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節目。至于政治問題的辯論、最近的激動人心的足球賽更是不在話下。 例【第4句】: Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
雖然在某處已經開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會發展成高度復雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個天然組成部分。
(4) 綜合法。上面我們講述了英語長句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實上,在翻譯一個
英語長句時, 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細分析, 或按照時間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結合, 主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。例如: 例【第1句】: People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
分析: 該句共有三層含義: A: 人們不敢出門; B: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準備以應付緊急情況; C: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。在這三層含義中, B表示讓步, C表示原因, 而A則表示結果, 按照漢語習慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:
盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準備以應付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門, 因為警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。
下面我們再舉幾個例子:
例【第2句】: Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
對于現代書籍, 特別是教科書來說, 要是作者希望自己書中的內容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實和新發現同步發展的話, 那么就應該每隔較短的時間, 將書中的內容重新修改。 例【第3句】: Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.
易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因為她憎惡她的丈夫像對待孩子一樣來對待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來養活自己, 她要生存就必須有經濟上的權利。
例【第4句】: Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.
到目前為止, 經歷了18和19兩個世紀, 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產活動、商業往來、政府部門以及娛樂場所都集中在城市的中心地區。
篇四:如何完美地翻譯英語長難句子
如何翻譯英語長難句子
【第1句】:什么是英語長句,特點和分析方法
復合長句即包含各種語法關系和特殊句型的句子。英語多長句,這是因為英語可以有后置定語。擴展的后置定語可以是帶從句或長修飾語的復雜句。
長句在科技性的文體中的出現頻率很高,因此也就成為英語考試的重點。通過對近年來試題的分析,我們可以看出,所考的絕大多數都是長句。這些句子結構復雜,邏輯性強,翻譯起來困難相當大。但是,無論多長的句子、多么復雜的結構,它們都是由一些基本的成分組成的。只要弄清英語原文的句法結構,找出整個句子的中心內容及其各層意思,然后分析各層意思之間的邏輯關系,再按漢語的特點和表達方式就可以譯出原文了。在長句的英譯漢實踐中,我們始終應記住英漢在句法結構上的差異,不必拘泥于形式。
【第2句】:什么是英語長句?
英語長句一般指的是各種復雜句,復雜句里可能有多個從句,從句與從句之間的關系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行。所以翻譯長句,實際上我們的重點主要放在對各種從句的翻譯上。從功能來說,英語有三大復合句,即:①名詞性從句,包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;②形容詞性從句,即我們平常所說的定語從句;③狀語從句。
【第3句】:英語長句的特點是什么?
一般說來,英語長句有如下幾個特點:
1)結構復雜,邏輯層次多;
2)常須根據上下文作詞義的引申;
3)常須根據上下文對指代詞的指代關系做出判斷;
4)并列成分多;
5)修飾語多,特別是后置定語很長;
6)習慣搭配和成語經常出現。
【第63句】:英語長句的分析方法是什么?
1)找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主干結構;
2)找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語結構、介詞短語和從句的引導詞;
3)分析從句和短語的功能,例如,是否為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等;以及詞,短語和從句之間的關系;
4)分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。
在翻譯長句時, 首先,不要因為句子太長而產生畏懼心理,因為,無論是多么復雜的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分組成的。其次要弄清英語原文的句法結構, 找出整個句子的中心內容及其各層意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的相互邏輯關系, 再按照漢語的特點和表達方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。
【第4句】:英語長句的分析
一般來說, 造成長句的原因有三方面: (1) 修飾語過多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 語言結構層次多。 在分析長句時可以采用下面的方法:
(1) 找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語, 從整體上把握句子的結構。
(2) 找出句中所有的謂語結構、非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。
(3) 分析從句和短語的功能, 例如, 是否為主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句等,若是狀語, 它是表示時間、原因、結果、還是表示條件等等)。
(4) 分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關系, 例如, 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。
(5) 注意插入語等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。
下面我們結合一些實例來進行分析:
例【第1句】: Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
分析: (1) 該句的主語為behaviorists, 謂語為suggest, 賓語為一個從句, 因此整個句子為Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結構。
(2) 該句共有五個謂語結構, 它們的謂語動詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個謂語結構之間的關系為: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 結構為主句; who is raised in an environment為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child; where there are many stimuli為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli; 在suggest的賓語從句中, 主語為child, 謂語為experience, 賓語為greater intellectual development.
在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會對該句具有了一個較為透徹的理解, 然后根據我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語為:
行為主義者認為, 如果兒童的成長環境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當反應能力的發展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會發展到較高的水平。
例【第2句】: For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
分析: (1) 該句的骨干結構為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else. 是一個比較結構, 而且是在兩個不定式之間進行比較。
(2) 該句中共有三個謂語結構, 它們之間的關系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結構, 但it是形式主語, 真正的主語為第二個謂語結構: to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個謂語結構to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。
(3) 句首的for a family of four作狀語, 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個介詞短語作插入語: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個介詞短語作伴隨狀語, 修飾to sit comfortably at home. 綜合上述翻譯方法,這個句子我們可以翻譯為:
譬如, 對于一個四口之家來說, 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數不清的娛樂節目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。
【第5句】:長句的翻譯
英語習慣于用長的句子表達比較復雜的概念, 而漢語則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進行英譯漢時, 要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異, 將英語的長句分解, 翻譯成漢語的短句。在英語長句的翻譯過程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。
(1) 順序法。
當英語長句的內容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時, 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。例如:
例【第1句】: Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
分析: 該句子由一個主句, 三個作伴隨狀語的現在分詞以及位于句首的時間狀語從句組成, 共有五層意思: A. 既使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉時; B.電仍在為我們工作; C. 幫我們開動電冰箱; D. 加熱水; E. 或是室內空調機繼續運轉。上述五層意思的邏輯關系以及表達的順序與漢語完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過順序法, 把該句翻譯成:
即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉時, 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開動電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內空調機繼續運轉。
例【第2句】: But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
分析: 該句的骨干結構為“It is realized that…”, it為形式主語, that引導著主語從句以及并列的it is even possible to ?結構, 其中, 不定式作主語, the time ?是“expectation of life”的同位語, 進一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語從句。五個謂語結構, 表達了四個層次的意義: A. 可是現在人們意識到; B. 其中有些礦物質的蘊藏量是有限的; C. 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質“可望存在多少年”; D. 將這些已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡的時間。根據同位語從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達作適當的調整, 整個句子就翻譯為:
可是現在人們意識到, 其中有些礦物質的蘊藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說, 經過若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡。 下面我們再列舉幾個實例:
篇五:經典英語長難句
【第1句】: Looking beyond the 10-year period, the botanists estimate that some 3,000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25,000 species of plants in the United States.
在展望10年后的情況時植物學家們估計,在未來可預見到的時間內,3 000種本地植物——占美國近25 000種植物的10%——將可能滅絕。
【第2句】: The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration, because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.
野生禽類和許多其他動物每年的遷徙,當然不能被看做是一種探險行為,因為,這些遷徙活動實際上只是從一個棲息地轉移到另一個棲息地,以躲避氣候的季節性變化。
【第3句】: Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits: it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics; can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn‘t traditionally have; can improve the nutritional value of products; and can produce cheaper and more environmentallyfriendly fertilizers.
轉基因食物的倡導者指出,用生物技術生產食物有很多益處:它能加速作物和牲畜的生長速度,并使它們具有所要求的特點;它可以給食物增添以往不具備的特征;可以改進食物的營養價值;可以生產出廉價、環保效果更好的肥料。
【第4句】: What makes this debate unique is that every meal we eat is at its very core. And that fact means one thing: it‘s an issue to be discussed not only around policy tables, but dinner tables.
使這場辯論不同一般的是:我們吃的每頓飯都成為爭論的中心。而且,這個事實意味著一件事:這不僅是政策制定會上應該討論的問題,而且是飯桌上要討論的問題。
【第5句】:“Contact us before writing your application”or“Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history” is how it is usually expressed.
“寫申請前同我們聯系”,“利用我們多年的經驗來準備你的學歷或工作經歷”,這種廣告經常這樣宣傳。
【第6句】: There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.
但是,毫無疑問,正是由于在申請工作的過程中具有大學學歷的人數增加,使得簡歷更加重要。
【第7句】: Other goals of the interview are: to answer questions successfully, obtain any additional information needed to make a decision, accent your special strengths, establish a positive relationship, show confidence, and to sell yourself.
參加面試其他的目標包括:成功地回答問題,為做決定獲得更多信息,強調自己的特殊優勢,建立良好的關系,表達自己的信心,推銷自己。
【第8句】: Based on these goals, place yourself in the role of the interviewer and develop anticipated questions and answers to three categories: company data, personal data, and specific job data.
在明確這些目標的基礎上,將自己設想為面試你的人,在以下三個方面為自己設想出一些問題以及這些問題的答案:公司數據信息,個人信息,有關某份工作的特定信息。
【第9句】: Since the interview will center on you, proper self-management process is divided into four stages: the before stage, the greeting stage, the consultation stage, and the departure stage.
既然面試的焦點是你,應該在以下四個階段做出合理的準備:面試前階段,問候階段,商洽階段,告別階段。
【第10句】: The before stage includes writing a confirmation letter, concentrating on appearance and nonverbal communication, developing your portfolio, anticipating questions with positive responses, and arriving early. 面試前階段包括寫一封確認函、集中注意自己的儀表和非語言行為、準備好自己的資料、設想一些問題以及對這些問題的正面回答、早到面試地點。
【第11句】: The greeting stage includes greeting everyone courteously, using waiting-room smarts, using your time wisely, and applying proper protocol when meeting the interviewer.
問候階段包括禮貌地向每個人問候,在等候室靈活使用一些交往技能,合理地使用自己的時間,同面試你的人會面時恰如其分地使用一些禮節。
【第12句】: The consultation stage includes responsiveness and enthusiasm, knowing when to interject key points, showing sincerity, highlighting your strengths, and listening intently.
商洽階段包括反應機敏、熱情,知道何時應該(在交談中)插入一些關鍵信息,要表現得誠懇,突出自己的優點,注意傾聽。
【第13句】: If the company doesn‘t respond in two weeks, call back or write a follow-up letter. You may get turned down. If so, try to find out why as a means of self-improvement.
如果公司兩周內沒有反應,打個電話或再寫封信過去。你可能沒有被雇用,如果是這樣的話,找出原因,以便進行自我改進。
【第14句】: I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one‘s shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.
我追求愛,其次是因為愛使我擺脫孤獨。在這種可怕的孤獨時刻,人們似乎處于世界的邊緣,顫抖的意識面對著冷酷而死寂的無底深淵。
【第15句】: Non-traditional students, overwhelmingly female, began to study on a part-time basis, the numbers of women going to graduate school increased, and women sought entry to the non-traditional position of university faculty member.
新類型的學生——絕大多數是女生——開始半工半讀式的學習,攻讀研究生的女生數量增加了,婦女開始從事大學教師這樣的非傳統職業。
【第16句】: This decline occurred in both coeducational and women‘s colleges where women faculty declined from 72% in 1940 to 50% in 1955 and dropped to a low of 45% in 19【第78句】:
人數的減少普遍存在于男女同校的大學,也存在于女子學校。在女子學校,女教師的比例從1940年的72%減少到1955年的50%,到1978年降低到45%的低點。
【第17句】: More than one-third of employers in a new survey say they would probably cut off health benefits to their workers if Congress passes a law allowing patients to sue managed care plans for malpractice.
在一項新的調查中,有超過三分之一的雇主表示:如果國會通過一項使病人可以因管理不善起訴管理醫療保健計劃的法律,雇主可能會削減工人的醫療補貼。
【第18句】: The employers apparently fear the legislation could open the door to the same kinds of suits against them. Companies are already struggling to contain rising health costs and deal with workers who complain that managed care blocks their access to care.
雇主顯然擔心這樣的立法會為對他們類似的起訴打開大門。公司已經在竭力支付日益增長的醫療費用,處理工人們的投訴,這些工人認為管理醫療計劃阻礙了他們享受醫療服務。
【第19句】: Although companies have relied on health maintenance organizations and other types of managed care firms to control costs through most of the 1990s, the Hewitt survey showed employers have serious concerns about the health plans.
在九十年代的大部分時間里,雖然公司依靠保健機構和其他類型的管理醫療公司來控制花費,Hewitt調查顯示,雇主們很關心保健計劃。
【第20句】: Whatever you decide to do in the way of part-time and vacation work while you‘re at university,make sure that you take the following issues into consideration before committing yourself:
在上學期間無論你決定做什么臨時工作或假期內打工,在做出決定之前,你都應該考慮到下列問題:
【第21句】: Interface with the Business Development Support Group to assist in developing strategic communication plans for new business development, working with government relations and protocol specialist in supporting visits from various external stakeholders.
與業務開發支持部門協調,協助制定交際策略方案,開發新業務;幫助協調與政府的關系,同禮儀專家一道負責接待與公司有密切關系的外來造訪者。
【第22句】: External communications experience in a media, corporate or agency setting, knowledge of media and communications vehicles and the fundamental principles of journalism and public relations, successful project management experience, with excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
有在媒體機構、公司或代理機構負責對外交際工作的經驗,熟悉各種媒體和交際手段,熟知新聞和公共關系方面的基本原理,具有項目管理的成功經驗,具有優良的交際和人際關系處理技能。
【第23句】: In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation.
今年,在許多州,州立大學的預算不得不減少或凍結,而學費——學生所承擔的費用——卻上升了,在某些情況下上升得比通貨膨脹率還要快。
【第24句】: So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education.
所以,正是在這種背景下,全國州長協會在過去的一周里聚集在這座新英格蘭地區的城市,討論他們共同關心的問題,其中之一是高等教育問題。
【第25句】: And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.
在大學問題上,他們談話的焦點不是如何更有效地花錢,而是提高大學體制的效率,許多人感到這個體制效率非常低下,而且變得僵化。
【第26句】: As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges o a global economy in the 21st century.
結果,州長們將對教育體制進行歷時三年的研究,研究的目標是如何使州立大學更好地迎接21世紀全球經濟領域里的挑戰。
【第27句】:“With tuition rising faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say,”‘Enough!’“Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said. 共和黨人賓州州長湯姆?里奇說:隨著學費比通貨膨脹率上漲得快,學生完成大學學業需要的時間越來越長,有一天公眾會說:夠了!
【第28句】: Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force.
會議結束后,里奇和其他州長們更堅信:高等教育需要革新換面,也許應該重點提高效率,滿足新技術和變化的勞動力市場的要求。
【第29句】: Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.
幾位州長提到,除了審查教學大綱外,也許還應該確立更清楚的標準,提高服務的效率,對學生進行更多的能力測試。
【第30句】: Like our political society, the university is under severe attack today and perhaps for the same reason; namely, that we have accomplished much of what we have set out to do in this generation, that we have done so imperfectly, and while we have been doing so, we have said a lot of things that simply are not true.
像我們的政治社會一樣,今天的大學正在受到嚴厲抨擊,而且理由也許相同,即:我們這個時代要做的事情已經大都完成,但是我們做得還不盡善盡美,而且,雖然我們做出了一些論斷,但我們也說了許多不正確的話。
【第31句】: The university should use one-fourth of a student‘s time in his undergraduate years and organize it into courses which might be called history, and literature and philosophy, and anything else appropriate and organize these around primary problems.
大學應該使本科生花四分之一的時間,學習被稱做歷史、文學、哲學或其他合適的課程,通過這些課程來探討重大問題。
【第32句】: On the other hand, there could be very serious consequences if this knowledge were used intentionally to produce superior and subordinate classes, each genetically prepared to carry out a predetermined mission.
從另一方面講,如果這種知識被有意識地用來復制優等或劣等群體,天生讓這些人來完成某一預定的使命,那就會產生非常嚴重的后果。
【第33句】: After all, the purpose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will find, to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.
畢竟,教育的目的不僅是傳授知識,而且還要教會學生使用已經或將要掌握的知識,教育他們學會提問并回答重大問題。
【第34句】: Many people expect this to change fundamentally the nature of television programming and viewing, from a broadcast medium (dominated by big networks like Britain‘s BBC and ITV and the big US networks, showing a mixture of programme types with something for everyone) to a“narrowcast” medium more like today’s magazines and radio.
許多人預期這將根本改變電視節目安排和收視的本質特征,從一種廣播媒體(主宰者是像BBC、ITV和美國的各大電視網絡,涵蓋每個人所需要的節目類型)變成小范圍播送的媒體,更像今天的雜志和收音機一樣。
【第35句】: The argument is that, as with gardening magazines today, such a channel could generate revenue both from subscriptions (since it would be tailored to that target audience) and from advertising (not just for gardening products, but also for other products and services such as cruise holidays and financial services aimed at the same target market)。
其中的論點是,像今天的園藝雜志一樣,這種頻道不僅從入網費上取得收入(既然它滿足的是特定觀眾的需要),而且通過播出廣告掙錢(不僅是園藝產品的廣告,而且包括其他產品和服務項目,如長途旅游的假期,面向同樣的特定市場的金融服務)。
【第36句】: In the five years I‘ve worked here, we’ve gone to off-campus parties to write about underage drinking at our local college, exposed corruption in a local economic development group, and traced an embezzlers criminal past all the way to Alaska. I‘ve never seen our paper back down from a story.
我在這里工作的五年期間,我們去參加過校園外的聚會,寫過當地大學的青少年飲酒問題,揭發過當地某個經濟開發集團的腐敗問題,一直追蹤到阿拉斯加揭露出一起侵吞公款的案件。我從未見過我們的報紙放棄過一次報道。
【第37句】: Recently, when a young boy was shot to death, I had to repeatedly leave the scene to my editor from a pay phone, while the reporter from a competing paper used his cell phone to chat with his office from the doorstep of the victim‘s house.
最近,在報道一個小男孩被擊斃的事件時,我不得不一次次離開現場,通過付費電話告知我的編輯更新消息,而作為競爭對手的那家報紙的記者,可以站在受害者家門口的臺階上用手機與辦公室交談。
【第38句】: They lose daily contact with Nature, their idea of Nature is rather vague and non-experiential, so they think that they are independent of and above Nature, or even can live without Nature.
他們與大自然失去了日常聯系,對大自然的認識是相當模糊的、非經驗式的,所以,他們認為自己獨立于大自然或凌駕其上,甚至認為沒有大自然照樣可以生存。
【第39句】: Thinking in terms of public experiences, we find that joyous experiences are a means; when thinking subjectively, or in terms of ones own sense experiences, we find that joyous experiences are an end. 從集體經驗的角度來看,我們發現歡樂的體驗是一種手段;從主觀上來說,或者從個人的感官體驗來說,我們發現歡樂的體驗是一種目的。